Analog circuits
Move from signals and op-amps to filters, devices and power conversion.
Start path → Frequency & PhaseAll lessons
Build your understanding of electronics, one topic at a time.
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Lessons follow a suggested order. Finish one and return here to pick up where you left off. Progress is saved in this browser.
Power electronics
Build from rectified DC and MOSFET switching to bridge drives, current sensing and three-phase inverters.
Start path → TransformersSee lesson order
- Transformers
- Rectifiers and DC-Link Capacitors
- MOSFET as a Switch
- MOSFET Gate Charge and Gate Drivers
- Step-Down Voltage: Buck Converters
- Half-Bridge Power Stages
- Bootstrap High-Side Gate Drivers
- Synchronous Buck Converters
- H-Bridge Motor Drives
- Shunt Current Sensing in Power Circuits
- Three-Phase Inverters and SPWM
Digital and signals
Understand binary logic, sequential circuits, sampling and spectra.
Start path → Binary, Hexadecimal and Signed NumbersEmbedded systems
Read pins, schedule time, then handle interrupts without blocking the loop.
Start path → Microcontrollers: CPU, Memory and PeripheralsC/C++ for hardware
Learn data types, bit masks, memory and small classes used in firmware.
Start path → C/C++ Types, Units and Integer Arithmetic34 lessons · 0/34 completed in this browser
Operational Amplifiers
Learn why an op-amp tries to make its two input voltages equal and how that creates useful amplifiers.
Read lesson and practice →Differential Amplifiers
Understand how a circuit amplifies the difference between two signals while rejecting what they share.
Read lesson and practice →Frequency & Phase
Connect period, frequency and phase to what you actually see on an oscilloscope.
Read lesson and practice →Bode Plots
Read gain and phase across frequency without treating the graph as a mysterious set of slopes.
Read lesson and practice →Negative Feedback
See how feeding part of the output back can trade raw gain for stability, bandwidth and accuracy.
Read lesson and practice →Transistor Biasing
Place a BJT at a useful DC operating point so an AC signal can move without clipping.
Read lesson and practice →Active Filters
Combine op-amps, resistors and capacitors to shape frequency response without using inductors.
Read lesson and practice →MOSFET as a Switch
Drive loads efficiently by understanding gate voltage, RDS(on), switching loss and protection.
Read lesson and practice →RLC Resonance
See how inductive and capacitive effects cancel at one frequency and why the response can become sharply selective.
Read lesson and practice →ADC Sampling & Aliasing
Understand how a continuous signal becomes numbers, why sampling rate matters and how aliasing creates false frequencies.
Read lesson and practice →Fourier Transform
Understand how a waveform can be described as a combination of frequencies and how to read an FFT without confusing bins with physical components.
Read lesson and practice →Transformers
Connect changing magnetic flux, turns ratio, isolation, current ratio, and real transformer losses.
Read lesson and practice →Step-Down Voltage: Buck Converters
See how a switching regulator reduces DC voltage efficiently and why duty cycle alone is only the ideal starting point.
Read lesson and practice →Voltage Buffers
Learn why a unity-gain circuit is useful even though its output voltage is almost equal to its input voltage.
Read lesson and practice →Microcontrollers: CPU, Memory and Peripherals
Understand what runs inside a microcontroller and how firmware turns sensor inputs into useful outputs.
Read lesson and practice →GPIO, Pull-up Resistors and Button Debouncing
Read buttons reliably and understand floating inputs, active-low signals and switch bounce.
Read lesson and practice →Timers, PWM and Non-blocking Scheduling
Use clock ticks to schedule work and control duty cycle without freezing the main loop.
Read lesson and practice →Interrupts and Shared Data
Learn when interrupts help, why handlers must stay short and why volatile does not make shared operations atomic.
Read lesson and practice →Binary, Hexadecimal and Signed Numbers
Read register values and convert between binary, hexadecimal and signed representations.
Read lesson and practice →Logic Gates and Boolean Expressions
Turn a verbal requirement into a truth table and a Boolean expression.
Read lesson and practice →Flip-flops, Registers and Clock Timing
Understand stored bits, clock edges, setup and hold time, and asynchronous inputs.
Read lesson and practice →Finite State Machines for Digital and Embedded Design
Organize control behavior into explicit states, transitions and outputs.
Read lesson and practice →C/C++ Types, Units and Integer Arithmetic
Choose numeric types carefully and avoid overflow, truncation and unit-conversion mistakes.
Read lesson and practice →Arrays, Pointers and Memory Lifetime
Understand addresses, array boundaries and why returning a pointer to a local variable is a bug.
Read lesson and practice →Bitwise Operations and Register Masks
Set, clear and test individual bits without confusing logical and bitwise operators.
Read lesson and practice →C++ Classes and Encapsulation for Embedded Code
Group related state and operations into a small class with a predictable interface.
Read lesson and practice →Rectifiers and DC-Link Capacitors
Turn AC into a DC bus and estimate capacitor ripple without confusing RMS, peak and average values.
Read lesson and practice →MOSFET Gate Charge and Gate Drivers
Understand why a MOSFET gate needs controlled current pulses even though it draws almost no steady DC current.
Read lesson and practice →Half-Bridge Power Stages
Control a switching node with high-side and low-side devices while preventing shoot-through.
Read lesson and practice →Bootstrap High-Side Gate Drivers
Learn how a floating capacitor supplies a high-side N-channel MOSFET gate and why the method has duty-cycle limits.
Read lesson and practice →H-Bridge Motor Drives
Reverse and regulate current through an inductive load using two coordinated half-bridges.
Read lesson and practice →Synchronous Buck Converters
Replace the freewheel diode with a controlled MOSFET to reduce loss while managing dead time and reverse current.
Read lesson and practice →Shunt Current Sensing in Power Circuits
Measure load and switch current using a shunt while accounting for power loss, common-mode voltage and switching transients.
Read lesson and practice →Three-Phase Inverters and SPWM
Combine three half-bridges to create controlled three-phase voltage and motor current from a DC bus.
Read lesson and practice →